Color Spots On Bottom Of Beers

Taxonomy FAIL


frivoleria A funny (but it will be then so frivolous?) as a Christmas present: the "Fail Taxonomy Index" proposed in September by Alex Wild good on his blog MYRMECOS . He suggests to measure the severity of an identification error between a species A and species B in this way: divide the number of millions of years passed since A and B have separated from their last common ancestor for the number of millions of years since chimps and humans split from their last common ancestor. Mistaking a man for a chimpanzee is equivalent to an error of 1 on the TFI. Exchange, as here, a possum with a cat is 24.6 times worse. Exchanging a bee with a wasp scores a 25.2, and in the ass to all those who are unable to do so.

Happy Holidays!

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Spotlight Zoology: Tardigrada


As I had occasion to mention, the modern taxonomy is becoming increasingly complex, which only makes more and more remote the possibility that the peasants (you all) sooner or later acquire a minimal basis of this science, at least as we can tell the difference between a caterpillar and an anaconda. Even those few who have, in general culture, a smattering minimum, to stop gross division like "vertebrates vs. invertebrates" without imagining that vertebrates are in fact only a small fraction of the phylum that vanishes in a sea of \u200b\u200bother , larger and more numerous, from the family as the Arthropods and Mollusks than the almost unknown to the general public, such as tardigrades. But what they are, then, the tardigrades? Small creatures with eight short stubby legs nails, and a vaguely segmented body (they are a sister group of arthropods, in fact), who live almost everywhere in the world, but they are so small as to be invisible to the naked eye and can "swim" in that some moisture collected in mosses and lichens. What have they so special? Poliestremofili are: an extremophile is an organism that can survive a certain type of extreme conditions, so a poliestremofilo will be a body capable of resisting many types of extreme conditions. In fact, our tardigrades (for some reason in English called "water bears" even though more than a bear look like Jabba the Hutt) are considerably fucksters: they can survive very high temperatures (151 degrees) or near zero (-272) may hold out for ten years was dehydrated, can withstand a pressure of 1200 atmospheres, and can survive a dose of radiation more than 1000 times greater than that which would kill a man. The state of low metabolism, which owe their extraordinary superpowers criptobiosi is called, and has allowed some tardigrades to survive for ten days in space, where "space" is not understood in a spaceship, but in the open space, without air, food or water, freezing temperatures and rain radiation. In fact there is enough to suspect that any tardigrades is actually a tiny fragment of Chuck Norris, except that Chuck Norris can not be broken.

Mai.

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Top Ten: The 10 new species of the coolest decade


documentaries in collaboration with Conservation International is a great time to choose their favorite ten species discovered in the last ten years. clicking here you can read the article in English and see the pictures, will report briefly the list below:

1) Tiburon granrojo: nicknamed "Big Red" is an abysmal medusona red one meter in diameter, thanks to the discovery 'use of underwater cameras.

2) Phobaeticus chani: more than half a meter long, is the insect (stick) longest in the world.

3) Rhynococyon udzungwensis: This elephant shrew has been discovered by an Italian. Woot! We are not always useless (only most of the time)!

4) Hemiscyllium Gale: the "bamboo shark, scientists have auctioned the right to give the name and used the funds in marine environmental protection.

5) Phragmipedium Kovach: huge pink orchid, discovered for the first time in illegal possession of a dealer of rare flowers.

6) Rungwecebus kipunji: not only a new species, but also the first new monkey genus discovered since 1920.

7) Nepenthes palawanensis: large pitcher plant pitcher plant (a "funnel")

8) Cyrtodactylus macrotuberculatus: There are two varieties of this gecko, a forest and a cave.

9) Bradypus pygmaeus: ... guess. It has evolved in just 9000 years of isolation on an island, a short time in the history of life on earth.

... Hey, they forgot to put the number 10! Oh, well. As you can see, the list is more of a fun, and the species were chosen, since the goal of "make a documentary, mostly based on what is visible: 5 vertebrates, invertebrates, 2 large, 2 large plants. Although it is true that finding new species of large organisms is rare and difficult, I'm sure many other species, far more strange and interesting, they could enter the list. And since the position was apparently vacant, I propose to assign the number ten spot in a brand new come, Synthia, the first synthetic organism, created this year by the work of Craig Venter. It will be artificial, but it is a new species, right? It seems to me that the second birth of life on this earth is not just stuff.

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The truth is good, maybe (and charismatic)


In fact usually I would say "The truth is good, ALWAYS" but I want to give the benefit of the doubt-raising technique used by most lots of charities to protect the environment. Let me explain. WWF, Greenpeace and so usually advertise their work with large pictures of leopards, pandas, elephants and other animals photogenic and popular, launching fundraising campaigns in the name of these animals and most often presenting as the incentive for nature conservation their beauty. This technique is the so-called "charismatic megafauna," that use "promotion" of known animals, big and spectacular to entice the public to make donations that then will be used to save whole ecosystems, not just the species in question. Now, if it comes to shell out some coin for a good cause a few hippies, middle-aged loosening the close on the portfolio only if the wave front of a picture of a tiger, there is nothing wrong with that. But this method to see and hear only what the people want to see and hear first of all, keeps people ignorant about the true, far more important reasons to donate (the salvation of entire ecosystems, property and made from it, in addition to their both waved, although effective, beauty) and the creatures that defend (newsflash: most of the components of an ecosystem has six legs and do not appear very well on the lovely Christmas cards I sent the WWF, but is nevertheless essential equally interesting and worthy of living on this world), and secondly alienates the sympathies of those who receive the message as a simple "nature is nice and hairy, let's help we?" and rightly says: "Chemmifrega?". If real news is divulged SCIENTIFIC the nature and importance of ecosystems and all their inhabitants not only as a source of beauty, but also as sources of knowledge, medicine, food, money and above all, like a house on which we depend, in my opinion it would increase the interest of anyone to make a donation. But if a nuisance is disappointed because for every tiger defending also saves millions of cockroaches, you fuck.

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A Bridge to the Stars


the wake of my recent considerations on the sixth great extinction is happening at the hands ours, it makes me reflect on the role of our species in the long history of life. Obviously, no organization was founded with an aim to make the universe, but it is inevitable that his life has an impact, in varying degrees, on other organisms. Various biological groups have indelibly marked the history of the earth: the cyanobacteria that altered the primordial atmosphere, making breathing for most of modern living groups, the first plants that made the land livable, arthropods that conquered and became part of each ecosystem, the dinosaurs, which were the dominant group of vertebrates for longer than any other. And then there is us, not as a group, but perhaps for the first time, as a single species, to cause an epochal event, the sixth great extinction. But our role should be only negative? Not necessarily. As I explained in the article, I think it unlikely that any major geological event or anthropogenic, however devastating, can erase all life, the only thing you can do is the total destruction of this planet, which will take place between 5 billion years when the Sun will end on fuel and we wrap you in an embrace of fire. Time there, but why not start now to provide for the highest goals, the escape from this world condemned flight that will make life that can expand from world to world and conquer the stars, effectively making them indestructible and filling the empty depths of the cosmos? Human science can certainly progress to be made possible the colonization of other planets, if not suffer a blow arrest because of the increasing stupidity of the population or of any mass mortality of which probably will be done if we continue to march on the route of 'extinction. 5 billion years is a long, our descendants may or totally different creatures, among the millions or billions of years, still widely in time to start thinking about the problem, but why not get busy in advance, why not be the first to take the biosphere into space and to make eternal life? The technology so far only a hypothesis of terraforming would be to make a livable planet unlivable, largely through the use of living things, made in the presence of the necessary resources to establish an ecosystem should be similar to Earth, making it habitable for humans. The road is certainly still very long, but definitely exciting, not only to expand the high ideal of life among the stars, but also in our own interest, such as growing population that needs space and resources.

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Soon the British will come back to hunt for dinosaurs!

Who can not love a series in which a motley group of British faces monsters out of space-time anomalies from the past and the future?

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Spotlight Zoology: Myxini


The modern taxonomy is a lovely mess, with all new evolutionary and molecular biology studies that are slowly leading to subvert the old groups based on morphological similarities and replacing them with relatively superficial classifications that reflect more the reality of evolutionary history. Generally Myxini or hagfishes, agnates vertebrates are considered, but some do not consider them even vertebrates. It is certainly a group of chordates that are much more primitive than all other vertebrates, and usually are confused with the hagfishes lampreys, which in turn confused with real fish - in fact I do not think that is a valid clade, but only a hodgepodge of different groups of vertebrates superficially similar. But I digress. The tender hagfishes are sea creatures eel with spinal cord and cranial cartilage, small eyes and primitive sensory barbels, laterally flattened tail and pink-gray skin. They feed on fish, usually dead or dying, and being free of the jaws, to be able to pull out pieces of flesh from his body limp prey form a sort of knot that squeeze more and more to force his head back with a bite, which grasp with a sort of fleshy tongue is covered with sharp teeth. The hagfishes are particularly known to secrete at defensive purposes, huge amounts of extremely viscous transparent gelatinous mucus, the secretion is so fast you can fill up a bucket of mucus from 20 liters in minutes. Given their efforts to present itself as a nasty bites, usually not used for human consumption, except for one particular species that is appreciated in Korea but you know, eat all those parts. Bon Appetit! (Or whatever the spelling).

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The fate of the human species


There are two popular (especially among the populace not involved) schools of thought on what awaits us in the future, according to some macho trivellapozzi pollution and climate change are just a hype and the planet can sustain ourselves infinity, according to other hippies succhiatisane man is irreparably destroying everything and all life on Earth will soon disappear unless something is done. In my humble opinion both are wrong, and, from the top of my magnanimous benevolence, I will tell you also why. E 'naively optimistic to think that our species will die out (and I say "optimistic" in terms of the rest of the ecosystem, to which we are only in weight, and some environmentalists excited because for sure I do not support, such as human our extinction), as it is boastful arrogant to think that we can, even with all our poisons and our weapons, delete all of Life, a phenomenon that has perpetuated continuously for 3.8 billion years of facing numerous disasters and 5 major mass extinctions in the last one, not even the worst, saw the same skies unleash their fury on Earth, hurling an asteroid of 11 kilometers in diameter in the Gulf of Mexico (the place must take their bad luck, because today's situation) with the power of ten billion atomic bombs like the one that hit Hiroshima. E 'unthinkable that a man can even tarnish the populations of bacteria, algae, protozoa, nematodes, or even terrestrial arthropods and rodents, not to mention the sea creatures that live in the abyss so deep that it can not be achieved. At the same time, the deleterious effect of human activity on the environment is undeniable, as it is undeniable that our growing biomass, the issue of resources will become more serious. What would happen if you do nothing? The same thing happens in the dynamics of predator and prey. When the biodiversity and the environment will be so impoverished and devastated by our actions we can not support more than even the human species begin to decline in number. Once again I repeat that the extinction is unlikely, because we are too many and too adaptable and intelligent (well, some of us ...), but if the damage to the environment will continue at this rate, we may find ourselves suddenly without the ground beneath feet, as too efficient a predator that has reduced too much the numbers of its prey, and the loss of millions or even billions of lives is extremely likely. At that point, reduced to relatively few copies to hundreds or thousands of years, perhaps selected by nature to become stronger and more resilient, we will not be able to damage what remains of the ecosystem, which will recover, perhaps giving rise to a world Again, like what happened after each of the five great extinctions (in fact many believe that during our period, the Anthropocene, is taking place the sixth great mass extinction). Rebirth of the ecosystem, the new human prosper again, ready to repeat the cycle. It 's a pretty common dynamic in nature with very efficient species, but usually occurs in small areas, and at the cost of many lives and of entire species, we have the possibility, in our own interest, as well as all other species, to look ahead and avoid the ax.

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Great Migrations, starring Pierce Brosnan

I have a weakness for epic trailer, so here goes. I saw the first episode. Nothing particularly outstanding as content, beautiful images. In Italian is narrated by Luke Ward, aka the voice actor Pierce Brosnan, who reads the text with a certain comic pitch sensual. Always better than one of the usual "celebrities" that Italians usually call to dub this kind of documentaries, such as Fiorello, Bonolis or Aldo, Giovanni and Giacomo.

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PICTURES OF YOUR ABSENCE - JUSTIN TIMBERLAKE WHAT

I will not look my best in my eyes

jealousy and return the 'indifference to keep me company

make way, make way, make way
you can, if they can do more than
everyone has the right to say
everyone to not listen

E
months have passed and the experience does not cause that to change

are now closer in time the damages are not the passing years
life and goes via
living it better, I'm sorry if you do not avenge
accompany
but everyone can take the road that


What year was when the temporal
did not want us to go out
that day was, what timetable
if I try I can not remember
and count the days instead
and as always the same innocence and I'm surprised
whenever

find any semblance of your tracks and your name
even though I live now without
photographed by God himself
photographs of your absence


While many are close to you without ever

I can not give shape to a destiny
approaching us and I

so lost courage that is easy to fall into a mistake and try
between all the people your
at least one detail in my head

recrudescence of your last caress
and stunned those who look with a smile
give me my salvation


What year was it when ...
What is behind a secret

what I see in front of her face and sad, beyond any doubt

not hide and if I do wrong
...
I'm wrong ..

only pictures of your absence ...

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'L'AMORE?

When you ask what love is,

imagines two hands burning

encountered,

two gazing into each other,

two hearts tremble

before the immensity of a feeling,

and few words

to perpetuate an instant.

Valeria Andaloro

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'LOVE' ROSE OF SIMILAR TO BUSH - EMILY BRONTE "

Love is like the rose bush,

friendship resembles holly:

holly is dark when the rose blooms,

but who is more constant in bloom ?

The pink stains and odors in the spring,

its summer flowers scent the air;

but expected to return in winter:

who will remember the rose bush?

Despise then the useless crown of roses

and cover gloss dell'Agrifoglio

that - in December when your sad face -

Green still knows mantener your wreath.

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The megafauna that no longer exists


There's a reason why people think of when they think of dinosaurs extinct animals, and that reason is that dinosaurs are, beyond any reasonable doubt, the coolest and badass group of chordates never existed. However, Mother Nature has been generous in distributing the figaggine his children, living or extinct, and the world of those who no longer belong to other strange and amazing creatures, who lived in ages so primitive and remote as to be unthinkable, or so familiar and close to having lived with us. Inspired by Article National Geographic this month dedicated to Australia's extinct megafauna, I dedicate this post to the second of two groups, which included a vast and bizarre assortment of mammals, reptiles and birds but also mammoth, scattered in all corners of the world. In a fatal conjunction of climate change and unexpected appearance of a, ahem , highly efficient new species of primate in the hunt (not yet known to what extent they affected one or the other, even if the monkeys are strongly bipedal seen by many people) these things are gone forever, leaving only bones and fossils. Here are my favorites, divided by nationality:

1) North America: ...

...

...

... you know what? The North American megafauna extinct too abused. Everyone knows about mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, smilodonti (saber-toothed tigers) and megaloceri (giant deer). Move on.

2) South America: The South American giants' bones were studied by Darwin during the Beagle voyage, making him think about the similarity between the extinct giants and their modern cousins. Roamed the pampas, among others, a kind of South American Smilodonte, a giant predatory bird could not fly (Phorusrhacus), a series of mega-round-shelled armadillos and the code elements (Glyptodon, Doedicurus), a large camelid with a short proboscis (Macrauchenia) and my favorite, a giant terrestrial AIS (Megatherium), a ball of fur and claws-uproots trees as big as an elephant. There was no lack creatures such as marsupial predator Thylacosmilus fangs like a saber.

3) Australia: read the National Geographic, is not it? Among marsupial lions and giant kangaroos, the mega-wombat known as Diprotodon, the largest known marsupial, stands as a shining, hairy star the size of a rhinoceros. A giant lizard predator, formerly known as Varanus priscus Megalania but now called because closely related with modern lizards, sowing terror with its more than six meters in length.

4) New Zealand: here the birds are the masters. The Moa (Dinornis) with its almost 4 meters high, was the largest known bird, a kind of hyper-necked ostrich feathers and long stringy. Even with its size, the peaceful Moa was not safe from the largest eagle ever existed, Haast's eagle (3-meter wingspan and 15 kg, for a bird Flying is not much).

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Visit the American Museum of Natural History


very late, I decided (why not?) To write my impressions on my (double) visit the American Museum of Natural History, which I had occasion to do during a pleasant holiday in New York at the end of July. I am studying at the University of Bologna, I often to go to the Museum of Zoology of this city two or three floors, relatively little ones, which are arranged in glass cases containing stuffed animals and dusty worm-riddled, often stuffed badly and probably died around 1300, piled up with very little criteria and without a shred of written explanation. The place is always deserted and dark, and vaguely disturbing. Being accustomed to such a lugubrious staging, it is natural that my head is practically exploded entering the temple of science which is the AMNH, 4 floors chissaddio how many square feet of modern and spectacular exhibitions including millions of artefacts. Here is a list of things that impressed me most and why:

1) North American Mammals: after the museum of Bologna, everything I expected except enthusiasm for stuffed animals, stuffed animals and especially not from the countries where nowadays is the most spectacular megafauna - Africa and Asia. Surprisingly, however, perhaps because the animals of these two continents are used too often in nature documentaries, I was much more passionate display of North American mammals: the specimens are old but perfectly preserved, so they seem alive, and incorporated in dramatic and artistic dioramas.

2) Reptiles and Amphibians: compared to other sections of the museum, friends crawling they peck a relatively small room, but extremely well made and fascinating. There are some really huge stuffed reptiles (Alligator American Alligator in Mississippi, the Aldabra tortoise, some leatherbacks and monitor lizards of Komodo and a reticulated python inserted in beautiful dioramas) and many other reptiles and amphibians housed in small shrines in the second 's argument (reproduction, growth, nutrition ...) always accompanied by detailed explanations and well done.

3) Biodiversity: apart from the bizarre decision to build a large diorama of the central rainforest and then soak in the shadows, the Hall of Biodiversity is really beautiful: half occupied by posters and information screens, the other by a impressive Tree of Life consists of examples or models of a vast number of species is to cover all or nearly all known phyla, arranged according to the evolutionary history and the ties of kinship.

4) Oceans: Two floors of beautiful dioramas depicting the vast variety of marine ecosystems and their inhabitants, with supplemental explanations on them and their importance to humans. In the middle, hanging from the ceiling, there is a 1:1 scale model of the blue whale. One can not have any idea how fucking big is a blue whale until he sees with his eyes.

5) Evolution of Man: Very interesting also the room in which the fossil record (including the legendary Lucy) and articulate explanations on the evolution of man and his brain. Less agree with the idea of \u200b\u200bdedicating other, vast halls of a science museum with exhibits of various human cultures anthropological later.

6) Fossil: The main attraction of the museum, and we can also understand why. 5 rooms (Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates, Saurischi Dinosaurs, Dinosaurs ornithischians, Origin and Evolution of Mammals, Prehistoric Mammals) filled with beautiful and extraordinarily preserved fossil of an incredible variety of giant and bizarre prehistoric creatures. I was pleased to know that as old friends a number of fossils on display, whose photographs are often found in publications on the subject, and now I could finally see them in person. In addition to generally unknown creatures, here are the superstars of the dinosaurs, those that every child with a little self-respect knows by heart the age of 2 years: T-Rex, the Apatosauro, the Stegosaurus, a Triceratops, Allosaurus and the countless others. The spectacular skeleton Barosauro defending her cub from an Allosaurus is not in the fossil record, but the lobby of the museum.

What to say? Wow. I visited the museum twice, and even if the temporary exhibitions (live reptiles, with the voice of global Woopy Goldberg, FURTHER planetarium with the voice of Leonardo di Caprio) were not particularly attractive, permanent exhibitions are more than enough to overcome also the highest expectations.

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PARASITES! Spotlight


A post to remember a group of organisms usually (even justifiably) hated blood, not just united by ties of kinship (can be single-celled or multicellular plants and animals, vertebrates and invertebrates) from the way of life based on obtaining food and other resources to the detriment of other organizations: I'm talking about parasites. I always had a love-hate relationship towards this vast jumble: one is rotten hypochondriac, the mere sight of offal and diseases in photography gives me an effort, and the bites of mosquitoes and horseflies summer, plus a few assault ticks make me try to screw the common hatred of opportunistic nature, they are bloodsucking insects (bloodsucker) or nematode worms that burrow their way into the living bodies of victims. The other pests are one of the most shining examples of what you can do the evolution, and how far it is willing to push their lives to grab what little resources to enable it to continue to exist. After all, some of these beings have chosen the most extreme habitats of all, the place from which all other bodies are trying to stay away: the stomach of another animal. To survive according to their specialization (internal or external, or immovable property, bloodsucking, flesh-eating or food already digested) and their phylum (arthropods, nematodes, flatworms, strings ...) these things have also developed a set of tools and incredibly interesting life cycles. They also have a key role in the ecosystem, comprising of specific species or by acting as prey for others, and recently ecologists have begun to realize that a healthy ecosystem must be healthy populations of parasites.

Incidentally, the image captures a crustacean isopods that used to anchor the base of the tongue of the fish by blocking blood flow, the language dies in the short and detached, but the fish can always continue to use the isopods instead of it, in order to lead a normal life and long (as it will, therefore, that dell'isopode). Nature can sometimes be a psychopathic son of a bitch.

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Zoology: Hexapoda



If the name seems strange and dark, know that this is the only way to tell the insects and their close relatives within six feet (Entognatha). Why, in a section devoted to the animals most bizarre and least known, to speak of a group so vast and so (relatively) familiar to the general public? In fact, I will not talk about the biology of the Hexapoda, a topic that could not be exhausted even in an entire library of specialized texts, in a pathetic post of a blog that does not follow anyone. I want to make some brief remarks on the importance of these creatures that most most people consider annoying or negligible. Of less than 2 million living species known, 900.000 (a good half) are formed only by insects (not to mention their parents and then other arthropods). The mammals are known around 5000, which means that for each there are 180 mammal species of insects, not to mention that while it is rare to discover new species of mammals, do not need any effort to discover new species of insects: just draw a white sheet between two trees in Brazil, at night, and illuminate it with a torch - the majority of insects that swarm over it will be unknown to science. This shows how in reality it is likely that the species of insects for each species mammal to be several thousand. As well as a number of species, insects far exceed other terrestrial animals as biomass. Most of the mass of living animal in the world is made up of insects (in the rainforest than any other animal of 4:1). The enormous diversity and the sheer number suggests their great importance in the ecosystem: Edward O. Wilson has estimated that if, ironically, all the insects disappear abruptly, within six months the land would become a wasteland, and consequently even the human race would come very close to extinction or become extinct altogether . All plants need insects for pollination (a large part) would be condemned extinction, and even most of those pollinated by wind and water succumb to the impoverishment of the soil, no longer stirred by insects. Animals that feed on these plants and those that feed on insects will die instantly, and so the animals that eat those animals, and others who are on top of food chains. Of all the perils we run to our ecosystem, however, certainly do not have to worry about the total disappearance of the insects, because we could not get it even using everything we have at our disposal: they are too widespread and adaptable, and tons of poisons unload on them only serve to affect the surrounding environment.
Some say that after our end of the world will be dominated by insects. I do not know if our species can never die, but that does not matter, because in fact, given the superiority of number, mass, distribution and even influence on the rest of the biosphere, is already the world of insects, it always has been since no life on land and always will until the end that awaits the fiery planet (or even beyond, if we remained fled on some other planet, we bring with us many species of beneficial insects and other parasites, we will follow anyway). If an alien civilization observe from a distance, as we would rush to build homes and grow food enjoying only a small extent, while they have millions for each fruit of our labor, exceeding in numbers many thousands in our own homes and feed their children with our food, and does not take long to figure out who are the servants and who are the masters.

Amen.

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Alien does exist!



The human mind, although most individuals strive to the best of his ability to prove otherwise, it is extraordinary, far superior to that of any other animal. It is, however, linked to imitation and elaboration of mechanisms and forms of nature, whether we speak of the practical sciences, whether we speak art, man imitates and revises what he sees and observes around him. This is particularly evident in science fiction movies, where monsters of various shapes and sizes, as drawn, are nothing but a reshuffling of the various components of terrestrial organisms. My favorite monster is the Alien, one of the most disturbing and visually original beings ever appeared on the big screen. The Alien is also an example of an extraordinary event: the few times that it seems that man has managed to invent something so bizarre by nature not reflected in the three-room, then jump out that in fact that nature had already invented something to million years, only that had not yet been discovered. That there are such pests
behavior adorable slobbery monster is not new, and it is likely that the creators of the film they knew. It is in fact the legendary Icneumonidi, wasps which horrific behavior was one of the reasons that made Darwin doubt the existence of a benevolent god. These fact Hymenoptera lay their eggs in flesh of their prey, and the hatching larvae begin to feed the victim (usually a caterpillar or another type of insect larva) from the inside, leaving the last to vital organs in order the animal does not die and rot. Soave. Some entomologists think that the parasitic wasps could be the group of animals with the greatest number of species on Earth (record currently held, or better in the leg, the beetles), for the simple reason that almost every insect studied is parasitized by one or more species of these wasps. The Icneumonidi slam it highly of the ties of blood, and they readily infect other Icneumonidi, so that there is a case in which a particular caterpillar is haunted by a certain Icneumonide, whose larvae are parasitized by another Icneumonide while they are still in caterpillar. These larvae inside the larva inside the caterpillar are parasitized by a further Icneumonide, whose larvae still inside the larvae in the caterpillar larvae are parasitized by a final Icneumonide. In the end, emerge victorious from this entomological matrioska only the last wasp larvae, eating from the animals have eaten from the larvae that have eaten from the inside of the caterpillar. Such a thing will never be in a science fiction movie, because it is too unlikely to be taken seriously by viewers, yet it is true.
Instead, what might the creators of Alien did not know when they realized that the film is also the characteristic "mouth into the mouth of the famous monster existed in nature, precisely in the moray eel. The jaws of all gnathostomes (which, in an epic turn of events, meaning "animal whose mouth has a jaw") resulting from the processing of most anterior pharyngeal arches of the embryo in the moray another arc, which located further back, undergoes a similar modification, making a second set of jaws inside the mouth. The eel bites with the main jaws, then the secondary ones, dragging the prey toward the back of the throat and allowing the eel to repeatedly open and close his mouth to bite without the prey escape.
now lacks only the discovery of an animal from the blood acid and then we can officially say that aliens exist, fragmented into several different species that inhabit the Earth.

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+ Evolution = God ...? Spotlight


Despite the sad contempt for all that science is demonstrated by most Italians, it must be said that at least we have the problem of creationism (now also called "Intelligent Design ") is relatively low compared to the American situation, which sees more than half the population unable to accept the fact already demonstrated arcidimostrato and more than 150 years, upon which the entirety of the biological sciences and then a large part of medicine and that every passing moment is proven and understood more and more. However, even among those throughout the world accept evolution, the majority is convinced that it does not interfere with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of God - Many evolutionists are religious, and even among many of the atheists reigns conviction of the need of absolute respect for others' beliefs, for the sake of a quiet life, which can certainly appear correct. Nevertheless:

Respect beliefs of others is not something due to anyone. If so, we would be forced to also respect the beliefs of racists, Nazis, pedophiles and the rest. The convictions of others in the field of conduct must be respected if they have reasons to be logical and fair as they are, otherwise the person should be prevented to avoid danger and especially to those around him. It 's the principle behind the little things like, "Whisk in jail those who believe that personal wealth can be obtained by fraud and contempt of the law, and acts accordingly." Now, you say, how religion can be compared to something like a crime? It said many of the principles justice and common sense. The point is that the only reason to believe in something is to act based on this belief, and then those who believe in God should base its actions on the word of God, and here's the catch. Our world is based on scientific laws, the laws do not approximate (at best) or completely insane to be a dummy, whose existence would be proved only by a book (at this point I could say that, there being as many as six films Star Wars, the existence of Lord Vader is more proven than that of God). Those who try to interact with this world is not following its own rules but those of God is doomed to fail in its intent (if lucky), or putting himself in danger and those around him (if it is bad luck). Frankly, I do not know what to think of those who say they believe in God and then live as if they believed it: what is expressed, exactly, they believe? This is not faith, it's neurosis. Returning

evolution: many say that it is possible to think that God has given way to life and then it has evolved as we all know (I will not even consider what they say those abortions gutless supporters of intelligent Design, why has not the dignity of a burst of diarrhea wild boar). E 'possible? Yes it is, in a surreal vision of the facts and unnecessarily forced, among other things in which God is presented as a complete jerk. Let me explain: if you want to accept both the scientific facts and the existence of God, you painted a scenario in which God, after the beginning of time, employs as many as 10 billion years to create life (estimated age of ' Universe: Some 14 billion years - estimated age of life: more than 3 billion years). Homo sapiens sapiens appeared about 200,000 years ago, and just this year, Craig Venter has created artificial life. It 's my impression, or 200,000 years, a figure considerably less than 10 billion years? This would mean that we humans are exactly 5000 times faster and more intelligent than a perfect one. Wow - Down with the modesty! But not over here. Now according to those who want to reconcile science and faith, evolution has taken place (I repeat once again, I do not take into account that shit ID), that is, in practice, God not only takes a disproportionate time to create the life, but also having done sitting on a deck chair and washes his hands, letting the random mutation and natural selection do the rest, which among other things mean that we are his beloved children made in his image and likeness, unless the good Lord has not told that, with a tremendous shot in the ass, the case would have produced millions of years of trial and error the very creatures he had in mind. So much for being perfect, good and omnipotent. God is by definition all three things, and as the god who jumps out of reconciling science and faith do not have these attributes, certainly not a god and there is no reason to postulate its existence.

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Zoology: Maniraptora


Anyone with even a smattering of at least about dinosaurs (that almost no one except the insiders) or, more simply, I've seen Jurassic Park , can boast that claim to know the birds are the direct descendants of dinosaurs. In fact, it is exactly this: henceforth, when you talk about the extinction of the dinosaurs, you can exclaim with astonishment false: "The dinosaurs are extinct? And when it happened? "Since almost all evolutionary biologists and paleontologists agree that birds are of real dinosaurs, the only ones who have never learned to fly, and the only survivors of the Cretaceous extinction. The birds are part of the clade of Maniraptora ("Thieves with your hands"), which includes, among others, the Dromeosauridi as the Velociraptor, Oviraptor, and the like Oviraptoridi Therizinosauridi like ... well, like Therizinosaurus. All creatures vary in size from small to big one, bipedal, carnivorous or omnivorous, and more often covered with feathers. It seems odd that a chicken is a dinosaur? Be ', surely the Velociraptor, a small, light and feathered biped from the pointed snout and large eyes, looks more like a chicken than a Brachiosaurus, 25 feet of scaly giant quadruped with elephant legs, long neck and round head and bumpy - and yet, it's hard not to consider Velociraptor dinosaur, so why exclude birds? Monophyletic in the classification, each group must have a common ancestor and all descendants, so it is inevitable to classify birds as dinosaurs. The Maniraptora were (are whoops. ..) theropod, a group that includes all the carnivorous dinosaurs, which means that your canary is actually closely related to the killing machine of 13 to 6 meters, weighing 6 tons, with a trap instead of the mouth and half a meter long topped sixty teeth serrated knife of 20 cm, capable of breaking the bone in one fell swoop reinforced with a large hadrosaur known as Tyrannosaurus Rex.

Fico.

The oldest dinosaur is already considered a bird Archaeopteryx litographica, perhaps the symbol of evolution, beautiful form of step with teeth, tail, and clawed hands, but reptilian snout pointed, arms stretched above and bird feathers. The most beautiful fossil of Archaeopteryx, which is known (and one of my favorite fossils) immortalized the creature in stratified rock quarries Solhnofen, Germany, in a pose incredible, almost by Christ on the cross, with arms outstretched and head thrown back, like a huge middle finger to lift the biology and science to religion: this is the true messiah, that's the truth.

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GM, mon amour


let you break a lance in favor of GMOs, or at least their full potential. Probably there are now more convinced of the dangers of GMOs Italians than there should be convinced of the wickedness of Hitler. Needless to say, this is mostly complete strangers to the subject - according to a survey of "The Science" a few years ago, the majority of those who are wary of GMOs do not even know what the genes, muttering things like "Are those things that are in fruits," and I personally have found that almost no one knows what is biotechnology. The are two main objections to GMOs, the first of which is such an idiot that is not taken into account by his opponents prepared for the topic more than the average, and it comes to health risks. People imagine that GMOs are filled with toxic chemicals and poisons, as seen from "GMO" on Google Images and being buried by a number of different plant pierced by needles, and more prepared to talk about the passage of genetic material from the GMO those who ingest it (why? maybe you worry, when you eat an apple, you can incorporate some genes of apple?). Obviously I'm crap, and the only danger is for those who are allergic to one species, to eat a GMO without knowing which genes of that species - risk preventable using FUCKING LABELS that inform about the characteristics of food. More worthy of consideration, and more relevant given the topic of the blog, is the objection concerning the introduction of GMOs on the ecosystem and the danger of disruption of balance. This fear may seem reasonable, but if you think for a moment is really quite hypocritical for hundreds of years and introduce alien species we grow in our country (think corn and tomatoes that are originating in the boot?) And no one cares about the consequences environment, despite the fact that the introduction of foreign species is the second most important cause of extinction in the world after the loss of habitat - another factor which, incidentally, is in no small part caused by human cultures ever expanding. If the cultures of foreign species 'natural' (which are not natural, since the selected and altered for hundreds of years) can be replaced in part artificial alien cultures, which might have the potential to produce more in less land and without 'help of pesticides, our battered environment will only gain. "But as you say" today the majority of GMOs pate makes use of plant pesticides more normal! " "So what?" I say. The big companies have chosen this the wrong direction (pesticide-resistant GMOs), but this does not mean that we must stop the research in the right (GMOs that do not require pesticides). "And if the low genetic diversity would make GM vulnerable to new infections? And if the parasites develop resistance to pesticides?" you say. No, not true, why do not you say you are too stupid to formulate thoughts so smart. They are still good questions, but they are not walls: they are the real obstacles that must be overcome. The population increases, and despite the monstrous slaughter of natural resources a lot of people are dying of hunger here or you go to GM, or you shoot in the face of each new baby in the cradle so that the world population is contained and reduced in quantity it more bearable for the Earth. And who knows why, I do not think the second option would enjoy popular support.

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A painting by Leonardo is worth less than a cockroach? Spotlight


The application may be less stupid than it appears. You simply compare the values \u200b\u200bof a work of art with those of a living species. The work of art has two core values:

1) The aesthetic value, which is important because the primary purpose of art is beauty;
2) the educational value, in turn divided into two subsections Firstly each work gives information on the history and development of art and historical context in which it was created, and secondly some works may deliberately hold messages philosophical / political / social / aesthetic left by the artist who wants to educate the public.

These two values \u200b\u200bare shared by all living things:

1) Every living thing has aesthetic value, even (indeed, usually especially) often considered disgusting creatures: the people have no idea of \u200b\u200bthe breathtaking beauty of an insect just because does not look long enough before you step on it.
2) Every living scientists teaches concepts of botany, zoology, microbiology, physiology, ecology and evolution. Obviously, no one alive today has a "message" left by the artist, unless you are not those troglodytes creationists.

These are joined by three others, however:

3) Practical use: the man no longer use the library, in your opinion? And the tuna that free ride from where it is, from a farm? A small clue: the tuna population has fallen by 90% in the last century, and continues to decline. Many wild species also have important practical use (especially marine), and must be protected. The legendary entomologist (I know that this association of words may shock you, unless you know what an entomologist Bedouins) Edward O. Wilson also suggests that the income derived from the rainforest could grow dramatically if instead of tear them down to get the wood (causing incalculable and irreparable damage to the ecosystem) will proceed with the sale of wild fruits, oils and some of them originated in edible animals, goods that are produced continuously at no cost.
4) gene bank: even more important. Each species has its DNA, and the search has just pointed out on the world of genetic recombination: the wild creatures have genes that allow them to produce useful substances or to survive in extreme conditions, genes that may be inserted into the DNA of different species to multiply or vary the effect. The importance of the more bizarre and exotic creatures have for medical biotechnology, food, industrial is enormous, and still virtually unexplored.
5) ecological role: the most important of all. Each species has a part in the ecosystem, and the consequences of extinction are often unpredictable: the disappearance of some creatures may have little or no weight, but more often results in dramatic changes at times throughout the surrounding habitat, and there are finally some so important species whose disappearance may lead to total destruction of the ecosystem in which they live (and yes, it is usually considered repulsive or insignificant creatures). We too are part of the ecosystem, we breathe oxygen generated by plants, and animals eat plants, and we depend from it.

Pull your sums.

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Zoology: Ecology vs.



Section "Zoology Spotlight" will take care to disclose any information about species or groups of animals bizarre but very little known to the general public, only that I will choose based on what is cool. The first group is to examine the Pycnogonida, or spiders, sea creatures have found that I always look absolutely extraordinary. As you can see from the photos, the general appearance is the result of an erotic encounter between a lover opilione (spider-like creatures with the body to the ball and thread-like legs that are so disgusting) and a facehugger Alien. Viewed their appearance is not exactly sexy, many racist Arachnophobia not be surprised to discover that the adorable picnogonidi are part of the Chelicerata, the group of animals that includes spiders and Xifosuri. The last name does not tell you anything? "Horseshoe crab" is better? No? As I imagined. Bow your head and be ashamed. Returning to the Pycnogonida, it is easy to see that their skeletal legs are long as much as their little body is small and slender, which leaves little room for the organs. The entire body of these marine arthropods is devoted to saving space: every muscle is made from a single cell, the respiratory system is missing (due to the thinness of the animals just the simple diffusion of gases), the egg sacs are hung outside two-legged specialized digestive system and the equipment extends even within some of the limbs. What do these dudes all day? Roam the grounds using their proboscis to prey mushy and sedentary marine organisms such as anemones and bryozoans. Ranging from 1 mm in diameter and 90 cm, and live in all seas, from the depths of the Arctic to the Mediterranean - be warned!

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Pycnogonida. Environmentalism


'm starting the blog with an important distinction, as most people are confused about the meaning of the word "Ecology" and the proof of this is that they try Google Images you will be inundated with a variety of amenities just smiling, stylized leaves and even hairy quest'inquietante home. Ecology is, by definition, the branch of biology that deals with the study of ecosystems and the interactions between organisms that inhabit them. Ecology, however, is the social movement that aims to protect the environment. It 'obvious that all environmentalists are rightly ecologists, while most environmentalists are not ecologists, which is tragic, given that to help the wildlife are not enough good intentions, but we need the knowledge of scientists. I have the unpleasant impression, among other things, that most environmentalists did not even good intentions, and embrace the movement more than anything to satisfy their craving for attention: "Look, I am an environmentalist, I'm so original and sensitive! AMAAATEEEMIII." For many, unfortunately, the environmental protection is a fashion that serves more as an excuse to wear shirts with tigers and dolphins (yes, because if the animals are not cute with a dick that defend them) and indulge in New Age practices that little or nothing (delete the "little") have to do with ecology. Many ecologists are easily hypnotized by simple minds empty slogan is unable to think with their head to realize that perhaps the key to getting what they want and it is desirable it is the science they often demonized because the bearer of "bad" progress. If you really keep your life on earth, listen to the advice of those who study life.

Abandon environmentalism, embracing ecology.

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The curtain rises


roseae The Tiktaalik is a fish now extinct from the mists of time, notable because it is one of the first organisms known to have characteristics that were typical of tetrapods (yes, it means "four legs" and, means all land vertebrates). Given its importance as a link and figaggine of his name, our heroic Sarcopterygii was chosen to become the symbol of this blog, which aims to spread in the very unwise pumpkins scientifically Italian basics of the fascinating world of ecology, zoology and evolutionary biology. I will try as often as possible to update the blog with articles by amateur but my modest knowledge of the living world, helping me with excerpts from the internet properly caught, which deal with biological issues, and I do not care if no one read - it's just worse for you: you'll miss the great figate.

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Who has won the buffalo with the swine flu?

Flu: stop at 24 million doses of vaccine

infection in decline across Europe. Fazio cancel the purchase. Germany and France revise contracts

LONDON - France has officially declared the epidemic of influenza A, at least in metropolitan areas: two weeks, the center-Sentinel reported fewer cases than necessary to speak of an epidemic, although the virus continues to circulate. In the rest of Europe, according to the WHO, infections have declined in Italy and the curve of infections, after a peak in mid-November, fell gradually, except the last week to prison. So most of the vaccines purchased by the health authorities of various European countries, may remain in the warehouses. Not only does the epidemic was not as bad as expected, but the people did not trusted the vaccine and, furthermore, a single dose (instead of two) has proved sufficient for immunization.

REVERSE GEAR ON CONTRACTS - And now the government, who had been competing for the vaccine to the sound of millions of euro, are rushing to cancel orders and review contracts with manufacturers. As a first idea. Or, are planning to sell the surplus to others (eg Mexico, the country where the epidemic started, he just claimed to have received only half of the thirty million doses required), or donate a portion to poor countries. Germany leads the group of those who renegotiation: about 50 million doses ordered GSK, I will buy only 35 million, 70 percent, saving about 133 million euro. Even Britain is considering the cancellation of orders (60 million doses required to GSK and Baxter to 30 million: today, they were used 24 and 5 million). The contract with Baxter provides the blocking of supply, not that of GSK and is therefore a different story.

ITALY BUYING HALF - The Minister of Health Ferruccio Fazio, responding to a question, said that Italy has canceled half of the originally planned purchases (ie the 24 million doses that would provide Sanofi), and signed the contract with Novartis for 24 million doses and for a cost of approximately € 180 million: of these, only ten million have been produced and delivered. And the ones you use? Approximately 900 000 since the beginning of the campaign, according to the latest data. "Italy had also expected - says Fabrizio Oleari, Director General of Prevention Ministry of Health - to provide 10 percent of its vaccine to WHO. There remains, therefore, little more than a total of 21 million doses. " According to Fazio Italy is among the G8 countries, the one with the lowest vaccine stocks, stocks that, though, is "essential to maintain, because the influenza pandemics are by their nature, unpredictable." France, which is thought to vaccinate the entire population and has ordered 94 million doses to 4 different companies, is trying to wipe out 50 million (only 8 percent of French and vaccines), so are also the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland.

IF POLAND - White fly in the European and world Poland: the government has not provided any vaccination campaign simply because they did not consider the vaccine safe. Prime Minister Donald Tusk said: "We made this decision in the interests of citizens, because the vaccine has not been sufficiently tested, and taxpayers. " Many Poles now rejoice (despite 145 deaths to date, comparable, however, to those of other countries) not only because public funds were saved, but also because they consider this decision an act of defiance against multinational drug companies, the Union European Union and the WHO. In fact, the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, in these days, is launching an investigation to see if there have been pressures from the pharmaceutical industry sull'Oms, which would have been too hastily declared of a pandemic, and its consultants, who have links with multinational companies.

Adriana Bazzi
January 15, 2010 by
Corriere.it